Individual resource specialisation is common in natural populations associated with competition and ecological opportunity (see Aroujo et al., 2011), and well known for the killer whale (where social groups specialise) and other delphinid cetaceans (see Hoelzel, 2002). Prey choice affects a predator’s temporal and spatial pattern of habitat use. For the killer whale, social groups (pods) learn where prey resources are seasonally abundant, and the techniques required to exploit different resources efficiently. Some fish prey, especially anadromous species such as salmon, may provide predictable seasonally rich concentrations, whereas marine mammal prey may be more patchily distributed and show a different pattern of temporal abundance (and accessibility). However, these resources are found within the same waters, though the timing and technique for capture may differ. Foote and Morin (2015) suggest that the co-occurrence of populations in the same ocean doesn't necessarily imply that they differentiated in sympatry, which is clearly true. However, as Moura et al. (2015) and others (for example, Hoelzel et al., 1998, 2007) have discussed, it is the life history and behaviour of killer whales that suggest the potential for differentiation in sympatry. Although the proximity of resources brings killer whale pods into sympatry, the differential pattern of spatial and temporal habitat use, as well as fidelity to pods that forage by similar learned methods, could serve to isolate resource specialist communities reproductively.
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机译：个体资源专业化在与竞争和生态机会相关的自然种群中很普遍（见Aroujo等人，2011），并以虎鲸（其中社会群体专门化）和其他三角鲸类鲸类而闻名（参见Hoelzel，2002）。猎物的选择会影响捕食者使用栖息地的时空格局。对于虎鲸，社会团体（豆荚）了解季节性资源丰富的猎物资源，以及有效利用不同资源所需的技术。一些鱼类猎物，尤其是诸如鲑鱼之类的无害物种，可能提供可预测的季节性丰富浓度，而海洋哺乳动物猎物可能分布得更零散，并显示出不同的时间丰度（和可及性）模式。但是，尽管捕获的时间和技术可能有所不同，但这些资源位于同一水域内。富特和莫林（Foote and Morin，2015）认为，同一海洋中种群的共生并不一定意味着它们在共生上有所区别，这是正确的。但是，正如Moura等。 （2015年）和其他人（例如，Hoelzel等人，1998年，2007年）已经讨论过，正是虎鲸的生活史和行为暗示了共生分化的潜力。尽管资源的接近使虎鲸豆荚成为共生体，但空间和时间栖息地使用的差异模式以及对通过类似学习方法觅食的豆荚的保真度，可以用来隔离生殖资源的社区。
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